Suchergebnisse

Discusses the question of globalization that underpins multicountry survey goals, drawing on the findings of the Pew Global Attitudes Project & what this project indicates about one of globalization's most significant features: how people say they obtain information. The survey results are especially noteworthy vis-a-vis attitudes about such issues as war, terrorism, & international threat. The relation of "information" to the global formation of opinions has too often been neglected. The data drawn from these surveys provide a much-needed window into the uses & reach of media. 3 Tables, 1 Reference. K. Coddon

ABSTRACTThe use of information channels by individuals in organizations is substantially discretionary. Although much studied, variation in patterns of discretionary use has yet to be explained adequately in terms of an accepted integrative theory validated across varieties of channel types and organizational settings. In a step toward the development of such a theory, the present paper proposes a basic channel‐disposition model that relates an individual's attitude or disposition toward a channel to his/her actual use of the channel in the context of information and channel supply‐and‐demand structures in the organization. An exploratory study of the dispositions of 186 users of ten management information system (MIS) reports in four organizational settings provides limited evidence in support of the model proposed.

Proceedings of: 11th International Conference on Concept Lattices and Their Applications (CLA 2014). Kosice, Slovakia, October 07-10, 2014. ; This paper explores the idea that a concept lattice is an information channel between objects and attributes. For this purpose we study the behaviour of incidences in L-formal contexts where L is the range of an information-theoretic entropy function. Examples of such data abound in machine learning and data mining, e.g. confusion matrices of multi-class classifers or document-term matrices. We use a wellmotivated information-theoretic heuristic, the maximization of mutual information, that in our conclusions provides a favour of feature selection providing and information-theory explanation of an established practice in Data Mining, Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval applications, viz. stop-wording and frequency thresholding. We also introduce a post-clustering class identi cation in the presence of confusions and a favour of term selection for a multi-label document classifcation task. ; FJVA and AP are supported by EU FP7 project LiMoSINe (contract 288024) for this work. CPM has been supported by the Spanish Government-Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología project TEC2011-26807. ; Publicado

This paper uses quantitative eye tracking indicators to analyze the relationship between images of paintings and human viewing. First, we build the eye tracking fixation sequences through areas of interest (AOIs) into an information channel, the gaze channel. Although this channel can be interpreted as a generalization of a first-order Markov chain, we show that the gaze channel is fully independent of this interpretation, and stands even when first-order Markov chain modeling would no longer fit. The entropy of the equilibrium distribution and the conditional entropy of a Markov chain are extended with additional information-theoretic measures, such as joint entropy, mutual information, and conditional entropy of each area of interest. Then, the gaze information channel is applied to analyze a subset of Van Gogh paintings. Van Gogh artworks, classified by art critics into several periods, have been studied under computational aesthetics measures, which include the use of Kolmogorov complexity and permutation entropy. The gaze information channel paradigm allows the information-theoretic measures to analyze both individual gaze behavior and clustered behavior from observers and paintings. Finally, we show that there is a clear correlation between the gaze information channel quantities that come from direct human observation, and the computational aesthetics measures that do not rely on any human observation at all ; This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 61702359, and by grant TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from Spanish Government.

When a method of quantitative case histories was applied to 2000 episodes on the sequence of events in installing three types of urban innovations, practitioners were found to make heavy use of both personal and impersonal channels. Types of channels varied by stage in the innovation process. In a simplified scenario the innovating cycle begins with two-person conversations to diagnose a problem, searches for solutions through a variety of channels, appraises innovations and builds commitment through meetings, and implements a solution with detailed workbooks. In the final stage of diffusion, a new innovation cycle begins with the same channels that opened the first one.

This paper introduces a volume rendering framework based on the information channel constructed between the volumetric data set and a set of viewpoints. From this channel, the information associated to each voxel can be interpreted as an ambient occlusion value that allows to obtain illustrative volume visualizations. The use of the voxel information combined with the assignation of color to each viewpoint and non-photorealistic effects produces an enhanced visualization of the volume data set. Voxel information is also applied to modulate the transfer function and to select the most informative views ; This work has been supported by TIN2007-68066-C04-01 and TIN2007-67982-C02 of the Ministry of Education and Science (Spanish Government) and by the 2009 SGR 643 from the Generalitat of Catalunya

This paper introduces a volume rendering framework based on the information channel constructed between the volumetric data set and a set of viewpoints. From this channel, the information associated to each voxel can be interpreted as an ambient occlusion value that allows to obtain illustrative volume visualizations. The use of the voxel information combined with the assignation of color to each viewpoint and non-photorealistic effects produces an enhanced visualization of the volume data set. Voxel information is also applied to modulate the transfer function and to select the most informative views ; This work has been supported by TIN2007-68066-C04-01 and TIN2007-67982-C02 of the Ministry of Education and Science (Spanish Government) and by the 2009 SGR 643 from the Generalitat of Catalunya

This paper introduces a volume rendering framework based on the information channel constructed between the volumetric data set and a set of viewpoints. From this channel, the information associated to each voxel can be interpreted as an ambient occlusion value that allows to obtain illustrative volume visualizations. The use of the voxel information combined with the assignation of color to each viewpoint and non-photorealistic effects produces an enhanced visualization of the volume data set. Voxel information is also applied to modulate the transfer function and to select the most informative views ; This work has been supported by TIN2007-68066-C04-01 and TIN2007-67982-C02 of the Ministry of Education and Science (Spanish Government) and by the 2009 SGR 643 from the Generalitat of Catalunya

This paper examines the optimisation of purchasing for maintenance, repair and operating supplies (MRO) through purchase process re‐engineering. In particular, the use and development of the Internet as a channel for procurement of MRO items was examined from a transaction cost perspective. The focus of this paper is on the impact of Web/Internet based electronic commerce on the structure of MRO supply chains. The paper provides a discussion of the theoretical basis for analysis of the impact of e‐commerce on supply chain structure, and presents existing literature in the area. The empirical research involved a series of semi‐structured interviews with UK, European and US based manufacturers, retailers, government bodies, and service organisations. Respondents ranged from experienced users of e‐procurement to organisations just starting out on their pilot investigations of the contribution of Internet trading to their purchasing efficiency. The impact on supply chain configuration of greater information transparency may be posited to be one which will lead to increased outsourcing, improved procurement processes and more strategic management of MRO purchases.

Today, eye trackers are extensively used in studying human cognition. However, it is hard to analyze and interpret eye movement data from the cognitive comprehension perspective of poster reading. To find quantitative links between eye movements and cognitive comprehension, we tracked observers' eye movement for reading scientific poster publications. We model in this paper eye tracking fixation sequences between content-dependent Areas of Interests (AOIs) as a Markov chain. Furthermore, we use the fact that a Markov chain is a special case of information or communication channel. Then, the gaze transition can be modeled as a discrete information channel, the gaze information channel. Next, some traditional eye tracking metrics, together with the gaze entropy and mutual information of the gaze information channel are calculated to quantify cognitive comprehension for every participant. The analysis of the results demonstrate that the gaze entropy and mutual information from individual gaze information channel are related to participants' individual differences. This is the first study that eye tracking technology has been used to assess the cognitive comprehension of poster reading. The present work provides insights into human cognitive comprehension by using the novel gaze information channel methodology ; This work has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants No.61471261 and No.61771335, and by grants TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from the Spanish Government

Information theory, and the concept of information channel, allows us to calculate the mutual information between the source (input) and the receiver (output), both represented by probability distributions over their possible states. In this paper, we use the theory behind the information channel to provide an enhanced interpretation to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), a square matrix whose columns and rows present the expenditure and receipt accounts of economic actors. Under our interpretation, the SAM's coefficients, which, conceptually, can be viewed as a Markov chain, can be interpreted as an information channel, allowing us to optimize the desired level of aggregation within the SAM. In addition, the developed information measures can describe accurately the evolution of a SAM over time. Interpreting the SAM matrix as an ergodic chain could show the effect of a shock on the economy after several periods or economic cycles. Under our new framework, finding the power limit of the matrix allows one to check (and confirm) whether the matrix is well-constructed (irreducible and aperiodic), and obtain new optimization functions to balance the SAM matrix. In addition to the theory, we also provide two empirical examples that support our channel concept and help to understand the associated measures ; M.S., M.F. and M.V. acknowledge support from the project PID2019-106426RB-C31 from the Spanish Government

We disentangle the effects of monetary policy announcements on real economic variables into an interest rate shock component and a central bank information shock component. We identify both components using changes in interest rate futures and in exchange rates around monetary policy announcements. While the volatility of interest rate surprises declines around the Great Recession, the volatility of exchange rate changes increases. Making use of this heteroskedasticity, we estimate that a contractionary interest rate shock appreciates the dollar, increases the excess bond premium, and leads to a decline in prices and output, while a positive information shock appreciates the dollar, decreases prices and the excess bond premium, and increases output.